docker run \
  --name vchord-suite \
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres \
  -p 5432:5432 \
  -d tensorchord/vchord-suite:pg17-latest

CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vchord CASCADE;
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_tokenizer CASCADE;
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vchord_bm25 CASCADE;
\dx
pg_tokenizer | 0.1.0   | tokenizer_catalog | pg_tokenizer
vchord       | 0.3.0   | public            | vchord: Vector database plugin for Postgres, written in Rust, specifically designed for LLM
vchord_bm25  | 0.2.0   | bm25_catalog      | vchord_bm25: A postgresql extension for bm25 ranking algorithm
vector       | 0.8.0   | public            | vector data type and ivfflat and hnsw access methods

with self.conn.cursor() as cursor:
    cursor.execute(
        f"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {self.dataset}_corpus (id TEXT, text TEXT, emb vector({self.vector_dim}), bm25 bm25vector);"
    )

    for did, doc in tqdm(zip(doc_ids, docs), desc="insert corpus"):
        emb = self.sentence_encoder.encode_doc(doc)
        cursor.execute(
            f"INSERT INTO {self.dataset}_corpus (id, text, emb) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)",
            (did, doc, emb),
        )

from FlagEmbedding import BGEM3FlagModel
class SentenceEmbedding:
    def __init__(self, model_name: str = "BAAI/bge-m3"):
        self.model = BGEM3FlagModel(
            model_name,
            use_fp16=True,
        )
    def encode_docs(self, documents: list[str]):
        return self.model.encode(
            documents,
            batch_size=32,
            max_length=8192,
        )['dense_vecs']

centroids = min(4 * int(self.num**0.5), self.num // 40)
ivf_config = f"""
residual_quantization = true
[build.internal]
lists = [{centroids}]
build_threads = {workers}
spherical_centroids = false
"""
with self.conn.cursor() as cursor:
    cursor.execute(f"SET max_parallel_maintenance_workers TO {workers}")
    cursor.execute(f"SET max_parallel_workers TO {workers}")
    cursor.execute(
        f"CREATE INDEX {self.dataset}_rabitq ON {self.dataset}_corpus USING vchordrq (emb vector_l2_ops) WITH (options = $${ivf_config}$$)"
    )

probe = int(0.1 * min(4 * int(self.num**0.5), self.num // 40))
with self.conn.cursor() as cursor:
    cursor.execute(f"SET vchordrq.probes = {probe}")
    cursor.execute(
        f"select q.id as qid, c.id, c.score from {self.dataset}_query q, lateral ("
        f"select id, {self.dataset}_corpus.emb <-> q.emb as score from "
        f"{self.dataset}_corpus order by score limit {topk}) c;"
    )

cursor.execute(
    f"SELECT create_tokenizer('{self.dataset}_token', $$",
    f"tokenizer = 'unicode'",
    f"stopwords = 'nltk'",
    f"table = '{self.dataset}_corpus'",
    f"column = 'text'",
    f"$$);"
)
cursor.execute(
    f"UPDATE {self.dataset}_corpus SET bm25 = tokenize(text, '{self.dataset}_token')"
)

postgres=# select bm25 from fiqa_corpus limit 1;
-- Output: {1035:7, 1041:1, 1996:1, 1997:1, 1999:3, 2010:3, 2015:7, 2019:1, 2022:1, 2028:4, 2036:2, 2041:1, 2051:2, 2054...

with self.conn.cursor() as cursor:
    cursor.execute(
        f"SELECT q.id AS qid, c.id, c.score FROM {self.dataset}_query q, LATERAL ("
        f"SELECT id, {self.dataset}_corpus.bm25 <&> to_bm25query('{self.dataset}_text_bm25', q.text , '{self.dataset}_token') AS score "
        f"FROM {self.dataset}_corpus "
        f"ORDER BY score "
        f"LIMIT {topk}) c;"
    )

for rank, (query_id, doc_id, _) in enumerate(result, start=1):
    if query_id not in rrf_scores:
        rrf_scores[query_id] = {}
    if doc_id not in rrf_scores[query_id]:
        rrf_scores[query_id][doc_id] = 0
    # Calculate and accumulate RRF scores
    rrf_scores[query_id][doc_id] += 1 / (k + rank)

reranker = FlagReranker(
    'BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3',
    query_max_length=256,
    passage_max_length=512,
    use_fp16=True,
    devices=["cuda:0"] # change ["cpu"] if you do not have gpu, but it will be very slow
) # Setting use_fp16 to True speeds up computation with a slight performance degradation

for query_id, docs in tqdm(results.items()):
    scores = reranker.compute_score(pairs, normalize=True)
    for i, doc_id in enumerate(docs):
        bge_scores[query_id][doc_id] = scores[i]

import psycopg
from pgvector.psycopg import register_vector

class PgClient:
    def __init__(self, url: str, dataset: str, sentence_emb_dim: int, token_emb_dim: int):
        self.dataset = dataset
        self.sentence_emb_dim = sentence_emb_dim
        self.token_emb_dim = token_emb_dim
        self.conn = psycopg.connect(url, autocommit=True)
        with self.conn.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vchord CASCADE;")
        register_vector(self.conn)

    def create(self):
        with self.conn.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute(
                f"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {self.dataset}_corpus "
                "(id INT BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY, text TEXT, "
                f"emb vector({self.sentence_emb_dim}), embs vector({self.token_emb_dim})[]);"
            )

from colbert.infra import ColBERTConfig
from colbert.modeling.checkpoint import Checkpoint

class TokenEncoder:
    def __init__(self):
        self.config = ColBERTConfig(doc_maxlen=220, query_maxlen=32)
        self.checkpoint = Checkpoint(
            "colbert-ir/colbertv2.0", colbert_config=self.config, verbose=0
        )

    def encode_doc(self, doc: str):
        return self.checkpoint.docFromText([doc], keep_dims=False)[0].numpy()

    def encode_query(self, query: str):
        return self.checkpoint.queryFromText([query])[0].numpy()

class PgClient:
    ...
    def insert(self, documents: list[str]):
        with self.conn.cursor() as cursor:
            for doc in tqdm(documents):
                sentence_emb = sentence_encoder.encode_doc(doc)
                token_embs = [emb for emb in token_encoder.encode(doc)]
                cursor.execute(
                    f"INSERT INTO {self.dataset}_corpus (text, emb, embs) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)"
                    (doc, sentence_emb, token_embs)
                )

class PgClient:
    ...
    def index(self, num_doc: int, workers: int):
        n_cluster = 1 << math.ceil(math.log2(num_doc ** 0.5 * 4))
        config = f"""
        residual_quantization = true
        [build.internal]
        lists = [{n_cluster}]
        build_threads = {workers}
        spherical_centroids = false
        """
        with self.conn.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute(f"SET max_parallel_maintenance_workers TO {workers}")
            cursor.execute(f"SET max_parallel_workers TO {workers}")
            cursor.execute(
                f"CREATE INDEX {self.dataset}_rabitq ON {self.dataset}_corpus USING "
                f"vchordrq (emb vector_l2_ops) WITH (options = $${config}$$)"
            )

class PgClient:
    ...
    def query(self, doc: str, topk: int):
        sentence_emb = sentence_encoder.encode_query(doc)
        with self.conn.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute(
                f"SELECT id, text FROM {self.dataset}_corpus ORDER BY emb <-> %s LIMIT {topk}"
            )
            res = cursor.fetchall()
        return res

class PgClient:
    def __init__(self, url: str, dataset: str, sentence_emb_dim: int, token_emb_dim: int):
        ...
        self.conn.execute("""
            CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION max_sim(document vector[], query vector[]) RETURNS double precision AS $$
            WITH queries AS (
                SELECT row_number() OVER () AS query_number, * FROM (SELECT unnest(query) AS query)
            ),
            documents AS (
                SELECT unnest(document) AS document
            ),
            similarities AS (
                SELECT query_number, document <=> query AS similarity FROM queries CROSS JOIN documents
            ),
            max_similarities AS (
                SELECT MAX(similarity) AS max_similarity FROM similarities GROUP BY query_number
            )
            SELECT SUM(max_similarity) FROM max_similarities
            $$ LANGUAGE SQL
        """)

class PgClient:
    def rerank(self, query: str, ids: list[int], topk: int):
        token_embs = [emb for emb in token_encoder.encode_query(query)]
        with self.conn.cursor() as cursor:
            cursor.execute(
                f"SELECT id, text FROM {self.dataset}_corpus WHERE id = ANY(%s) ORDER BY "
                f"max_sim(embs, %s) DESC LIMIT {topk}"
                (ids, token_embs)
            )
            res = cursor.fetchall()
        return res

docker run \
  --name vchord-suite \
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres \
  -p 5432:5432 \
  -d tensorchord/vchord-suite:pg17-latest

CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vchord CASCADE;
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_tokenizer CASCADE;
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vchord_bm25 CASCADE;
\dx
pg_tokenizer | 0.1.0   | tokenizer_catalog | pg_tokenizer
vchord       | 0.3.0   | public            | vchord: Vector database plugin for Postgres, written in Rust, specifically designed for LLM
vchord_bm25  | 0.2.0   | bm25_catalog      | vchord_bm25: A postgresql extension for bm25 ranking algorithm
vector       | 0.8.0   | public            | vector data type and ivfflat and hnsw access methods

$ pip install modal
$ python3 -m modal setup  # 点击链接完成授权

image = modal.Image.debian_slim().pip_install("datasets","huggingface_hub","Pillow")
DATASET_DIR = "/data"
DATASET_VOLUME  = modal.Volume.from_name(
    "colpali-dataset", create_if_missing=True
)
app = modal.App(image=image)

@app.function(volumes={DATASET_DIR: DATASET_VOLUME}, timeout=3000)
def download_dataset(cache=False) -> None:
    from datasets import load_dataset
    from tqdm import tqdm

    collection_dataset_names = get_collection_dataset_names("vidore/vidore-benchmark-667173f98e70a1c0fa4db00d")
    for dataset_name in tqdm(collection_dataset_names, desc="vidore benchmark dataset(s)"):
        dataset = load_dataset(dataset_name, split="test",num_proc=10)
        unique_indices = dataset.to_pandas().drop_duplicates(subset="image_filename", keep="first").index #to remove repeating PDF pages with different queries
        dataset = dataset.select(unique_indices)
        dataset.save_to_disk(f"{DATASET_DIR}/{dataset_name}")

$ modal run dataset.py::download_dataset

# embedding.py (Illustrative - keep original code)
# ... imports, volumes setup ...
modal_app = modal.App() # Define app

# Function to coordinate embedding generation
@modal_app.function(...)
def embed_dataset(down_scale: float = 1.0, batch_size: int = BATCH_SIZE):
    # ... (logic for loading dataset names, handling checkpoints) ...
    colpali_server = ColPaliServer() # Get handle to our GPU class
    # ... (loop through datasets, batch items, call server for embeddings) ...
    # ... (save embeddings and update checkpoint) ...
    print("Embedding generation complete.")

# server.py (Illustrative - keep original code)
# Class running on GPU to serve embedding requests
@modal_app.cls(gpu=GPU_CONFIG, ...)
class ColPaliServer:
    @modal.enter()
    def load_model_and_start_server(self):
        # ... (Load ColQwen2 model, start internal FastAPI server) ...
        self.client = httpx.AsyncClient(...) # Client to talk to internal server

    @modal.exit()
    def shutdown_server(self):
        # ... (Cleanup) ...

    # Method called by embed_dataset function
    @modal.method()
    async def embed_images(self, images: List[str]) -> np.ndarray:
        # ... (Prepare batch, send request to internal server via self.client) ...
        # ... (Decode response using msgspec for speed) ...
        return embeddings_numpy_array

    # ... (Potentially add embed_queries method too) ...

# colpali.py
class ColPaliModel:
    def __init__(self, model_name: str = "vidore/colqwen2-v1.0", cache_dir: str="/model"):
        # ...
        if self.model_name == "vidore/colqwen2-v1.0":
            from colpali_engine.models import ColQwen2, ColQwen2Processor
            from transformers.utils.import_utils import is_flash_attn_2_available

            # load model
            model = ColQwen2.from_pretrained(
                self.model_name,
                torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
                device_map="cuda:0",
                attn_implementation="flash_attention_2" if is_flash_attn_2_available() else None,
                cache_dir=self.cache_dir,
            ).eval()

            colpali_processor = ColQwen2Processor.from_pretrained(
                self.model_name,
                cache_dir=self.cache_dir,
            )
    # ... functions for embedding images and queries
    # @modal.method()
    # async def batch_embed_images(self, images_base64: List[str]) -> np.ndarray:
    # @modal.method()
    # async def batch_embed_queries(self, queries: List[str]) -> np.ndarray:

$ modal run embedding.py::embed_dataset

$ modal volume get colpali-embedding-checkpoint /path/to/local/vidore_embeddings

MultiVector = List[Vector[128]] # Assuming 128 dimensions for ColQwen2

lists = 2500 # lists is the number of the cluster
# Define the database table schema using vechord
class Image(Table, kw_only=True):
    uid: Optional[PrimaryKeyAutoIncrease] = None
    image_embedding: Annotated[MultiVector, MultiVectorIndex(lists=lists)] # Stores the document's visual embeddings
    query_embedding: Annotated[MultiVector, MultiVectorIndex(lists=lists)]  # Stores the query's embeddings
    query: str = None
    dataset: Optional[str] = None
    dataset_id: Optional[int] = None

# Connect to your PostgreSQL database
# Ensure the URL points to your local Docker or VectorChord Cloud instance
DB_URL = "postgresql://postgres:postgres@127.0.0.1:5432/postgres" # Default DB
vr = VechordRegistry("colpali", DB_URL)
vr.register([Image]) # Creates the table and multi-vector index if they don't exist

# Function to load embeddings from disk and yield Image objects
@vr.inject(output=Image)
def load_image_embeddings(path: str) -> Iterator[Image]:
    # ... (logic to load numpy arrays from disk, convert to List[Vector]) ...
    # ... (yield Image(...) instances) ...
    print(f"Loaded embeddings from {path}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Path where you downloaded the embeddings from Modal
    embedding_dir = "/path/to/local/vidore_embeddings"
    load_image_embeddings(embedding_dir) # This triggers vechord to insert data
    print("Data loaded and indexed into VectorChord.")

TOP_K = 10

# Define structure for results (optional but good practice)
class Evaluation(msgspec.Struct):
    map: float
    ndcg: float
    recall: float

TOP_K = 10
def evaluate(queries: list[Image], probes: int, max_maxsim_tuples: int) -> list[Evaluation]:
    result  = []
    for query in queries:
        vector = query.query_embedding
        docs: list[Image] = vr.search_by_multivec(
            Image, vector, topk=TOP_K, probe=probes, max_maxsim_tuples=max_maxsim_tuples
        )
        score = BaseEvaluator.evaluate_one(query.uid, [doc.uid for doc in docs])
        result.append(Evaluation(
            map=score.get("map"),
            ndcg=score.get("ndcg"),
            recall=score.get(f"recall_{TOP_K}"),
        ))
    return result

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Select some queries from the benchmark dataset stored in the DB
    # Example: Get 100 queries from a specific subset
    test_queries: list[Image] = vr.select_by(
        Image.partial_init(dataset="vidore/arxivqa_test_subsampled"), limit=100
    )

    # ... optimize the param ...
    res: list[Evaluation] = evaluate(queries, probes=probes, maxsim_refine=maxsim_refine)
    print("ndcg@10", sum(r.ndcg for r in res) / len(res))
    print("recall@10", sum(r.recall for r in res) / len(res))
    print(f"Total execution time: {total_time:.4f} seconds")

# Disable WARP
ndcg@10 0.8615
recall@10 0.92
Total execution time: 810 seconds # Baseline accuracy and time

# Enable WARP
# There is no need to focus on specific times,
# only relative times need to be taken into account,
# as the tests were performed on a local model with poor performance.
ndcg@10 0.8353
recall@10 0.90
Total execution time: 41 seconds # Dramatic WARP Speed Boost